# DAVIDSTUTZ

I will be presenting our work on adversarial robustness at ICML'19 and CVPR'19 in Long Beach beginning next week!
19thAUGUST2018

Osbert Bastani, Yani Ioannou, Leonidas Lampropoulos, Dimitrios Vytiniotis, Aditya V. Nori, Antonio Criminisi. Measuring Neural Net Robustness with Constraints. NIPS 2016: 2613-2621.

Bastani et al. propose formal robustness measures and an algorithm for approximating them for piece-wise linear networks. Specifically, the notion of robustness is similar to related work:

$\rho(f,x) = \inf\{\epsilon \geq 0 | f \text{ is not } (x,\epsilon)\text{-robust}$

where $(x,\epsilon)$-robustness demands that for every $x'$ with $\|x'-x\|_\infty$ it holds that $f(x') = f(x)$ – in other words, the label does not change for perturbations $\eta = x'-x$ which are small in terms of the $L_\infty$ norm and the constant $\epsilon$. Clearly, a higher $\epsilon$ implies a stronger notion of robustness. Additionally, the above definition is essentially a pointwise definition of robustness.

In order to measure robustness for the whole network (i.e. not only pointwise), the authors introduce the adversarial frequency:

$\psi(f,\epsilon) = p_{x\sim D}(\rho(f,x) \leq \epsilon)$.

This measure measures how often $f$ failes to be robust in the sense of $(x,\epsilon)$-robustness. The network is more robust when it has low adversarial frequency. Additionally, they introduce adversarial severity:

$\mu(f,\epsilon) = \mathbb{E}_{x\sim D}[\rho(f,x) | \rho(f,x) \leq \epsilon]$

which measures how severly $f$ fails to be robust (if it fails to be robust for a sample $x$).

Both above measures can be approximated by counting given that the robustness $\rho(f, x)$ is known for all samples $x$ in a separate test set. And this is the problem of the proposed measures: in order to approximate $\rho(f, x)$, the authors propose an optimization-based approach assuming that the neural network is piece-wise linear. This assumption is not necessarily unrealistic, dot products, convolutions, $\text{ReLU}$ activations and max pooling are all piece-wise linear. Even batch normalization is piece-wise linear at test time. The problem, however, is that th enetwork needs to be encoded in terms of linear programs, which I believe is cumbersome for real-world networks.

Also find this summary on ShortScience.org.

What is your opinion on the summarized work? Or do you know related work that is of interest? Let me know your thoughts in the comments below: